(Cyp 3.1.2.3)

Clarify how speculations of improvement and systems to help advancement impact current practice (CYP 3. 1. 2. 3) Jean Piaget is the most generally known about every single instructive scholar and maybe the primary supporter of current act of training. Piaget made tremendous commitments to the bearing, which means and comprehension of contemporary constructivism. Instances of Piaget's commitments incorporate his thoughts that information ought to be effectively built by a youngster and learning exercises should coordinate the degree of the improvement phase of every kid. Additionally, a few significant ways to deal with the national educational program and guidance depend on Piaget’s hypothesis. For example, Piaget impacted many showing procedures, for example, the attention on the procedure of the youngster's reasoning and the dynamic job of the student. Piaget's emphasis on the procedure of the kid thinking advanced the improvement of the phases of subjective turn of events. Educators utilize the phases in the present study hall as an approach to check a kid's subjective working. This allows the advancement of exercises and learning encounters that are at the right psychological improvement stage for the kid's capacity to learn. Piaget perceived that youngsters must act naturally started and effectively engaged with learning exercises. A present utilization of this idea today can be discovered, huge numbers of the national educational program material incorporate intelligent exercises and even instructive programming for the kid to take part in self-controlled learning. Another notable, and maybe one of the most dubious scholars to date, is Sigmund Freud. Psychoanalytic speculations of improvement started with crafted by Freud, who accepted that youth encounters lastingly affected further advancement of the individual therefore having an enduring impact over the manner in which youngsters are taught today and the brain science behind the manner in which this is executed. For instance, early instruction through play, making it both a pleasant and positive experience for youngsters. Abraham Maslow built up a humanistic hypothesis that has impacted training. This wide impact is expected to a limited extent to the significant level of common sense of Maslow's hypothesis, numerous individuals discover they can comprehend what Maslow says and they can identify with certain highlights of their experience or conduct which they have never articulated. Humanists don't accept that people are pushed and pulled by mechanical powers, both of boosts and fortifications (behaviorism) or of oblivious instinctual driving forces (therapy). Humanists center upon possibilities, they accept that people make progress toward an upper degree of capacities and look for the boondocks of inventiveness, the most noteworthy compasses of cognizance and intelligence. Maslow calls this level â€Å"self-actualisation† inside his ‘hierarchy of needs’. Maslow accepts that the main explanation that an individual would not move well toward self-actualisation is a direct result of obstructions put in their manner by society. He expresses that training is one of these preventions, he suggests ways instruction can change from its typical individual hindering strategies to individual developing methodologies. JOANNE CORBETT Maslow states that teachers ought to react to the potential an individual has for developing into a self-actualising individual and this has had extraordinary impact over the manner in which training is presently instructed. Instructors are taking a stab at all encompassing individual learning encounters instead of mass class lead draws near, current practice incorporates capacity gathering and assets set up for ‘gifted and talented’ youngsters. The systems for current practice are for the most part based around a comprehensive methodology. Social instructional method bolsters advancement and expect an all encompassing way to deal with children’s needs †wellbeing, tutoring, relaxation, family life, profound life, etc †the entire youngster. It works together instruction with every other territory engaged with how a kid creates. Albert Bandura has a significant impact in all encompassing advancement today; he is believed to be one of the most persuasive scholars of current instruction, with his social learning hypothesis which accepts individuals learn new conduct through observational learning of the social factors in their condition. For instance, in the event that individuals watch positive, wanted results, at that point they are bound to display, mimic and embrace the conduct themselves. Instructors presently comprehend the significance of giving an expert, positive good example for youngsters to turn upward to. Burrhus Frederic Skinner is the American scholar behind operant molding which manages the adjustment of â€Å"voluntary† (operant) conduct. Operant molding is kept up by its results of support and discipline, both positive and negative. One of the particular parts of Skinner's hypothesis is that it endeavored to give conduct clarifications to an expansive scope of intellectual wonders. For instance, Skinner clarified inspiration regarding hardship and fortification timetables consequently perant molding has been generally applied inside educating with the utilization of encouraging feedback especially for inspiration and study hall the executives. Which carry us to our last scholar, John Watson who created behaviorism with traditional molding, most questionably with â€Å"Little Albert† a multi month old kid he (alongside Rayner) adapted to fear a white rodent, where the improvements was directed (as contradict to Skinner, who directs the reaction). Instructors can appl y old style molding in the class by making a positive study hall condition to assist youngsters with defeating uneasiness or dread. Matching an uneasiness inciting circumstance, for example, acting before a gathering, with charming environmental factors enables the kid to learn new affiliations. Rather than feeling on edge and tense in these circumstances, the youngster will figure out how to remain loose and quiet. This exposition isn't thorough of the numerous speculations which have enhanced training and the manner in which it is as of now rehearsed yet simply gives an outline of a portion of the main scholars that are used inside schools today. 901 WordsJOANNE CORBETT

Abnormalcies Analysis Essay Example

Abnormalcies Analysis Paper 1. Dr. Pastry specialist spends a long clasp tuning in to ( auscultating ) Caleb’s chest. a. Where on the thoracic surface do you auscultate to the tricuspid. mitral ( bicuspid ) . pneumonic. what's more, aortal valves? Auscultation for the tricuspid valve would be in the left sternal fringe of the fifth intercostal interminable. The mitral valve sounds are heard over the vertex of the chest ( fifth intercostal interminable ) in accordance with the focal point of the collarbone. Pneumonic valve sounds are auscultated at the second intercostal limitless at the left sternal outskirt. The aortal valve is heard at the second intercostal interminable of the privilege sternal fringe. B. Where do you accept would be the best topographic point to auscultate Caleb’s unnatural chest sound? Clarify your answer. The unnatural chest sounds would best be heard over the tricuspid nation †the lower left sternal limit line. This is the nation which overlies the imperfection. Heart Sounds Case Essay Heart Sounds Case Essay Heart Sounds Case Essay We will compose a custom article test on Abnormalcies Analysis explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Abnormalcies Analysis explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Abnormalcies Analysis explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer 2. Caleb has unnatural chest sounds that warned the doctor to a vocation. a. Name the ordinary hints of the chest and bespeak what causes these sounds. The typical hints of the chest are â€Å"lub-dup† are brought about by the hole and closing of the chest valves. The primary sound †lub-is from the closing of the mitral and tricuspid chest valves. The second solid - dup-is from the end of the pneumonic and aortal valves. B. Comparable to the typical chest sounds. when might you foresee to hear the unnatural sound Dr. Dough puncher heard? Clarify your answer. A ventricular septal imperfection is a systolic murmur. The unnatural sounds can be heard during or after the main chest sound and closures prior or during the second chest sound. Abnormalcies Essay Sample 3. The deformity in Caleb’s chest permits blood to mix between the two ventricular Chamberss. a. Because of this imperfection would you foresee the blood to venture out from left-to-right ventricle or option to-left ventricle during systole? I would foresee the blood to venture out from the left to the correct ventricle. B. In view of your misgiving of blood power per unit territory and resistance in the chest and extraordinary vass. elucidate your answer to request 3a. In the chest blood streams from nations of high power per unit region to nations of low power per unit territory. Blood as a rule enters on the correct side of the chest ( deoxygenated ) . is siphoned to the lungs and comes back to one side of the chest ( oxygenated ) which will so be siphoned out to the rest of the natural structure. In Caleb’s occurrence blood will come in the correct side of the chest. be siphoned to the lungs and come back to one side of the chest. Each clasp his chest beats. some blood is so constrained through the VSD back to the correct side. It so returns to the lungs despite the fact that it is as of now oxygenated. so blood that is non oxygenated can’t get O. A lower blood volume so stays in the left ventricle to be siphoned out to the rest of the natural structure. High power per unit territory would occur in the lungs because of additional blood being siphoned into lung arterias this make chest and lungs work more enthusiastically. 4. At the point when an echocardiogram is performed. the specialist shading codes oxygenated blood ( reddish ) and deoxygenated blood ( somewhat blue ) a. In a solid angel. what shading would the blood be inside the privilege and left ventricles. severally? The correct ventricle generally siphons somewhat blue blood in light of the fact that the blood is without O and the left ventricle siphons red blood on the grounds that the blood has O. B. In Caleb’s chest. what shading would the blood be inside the privilege and left ventricles. severally? It is both somewhat blue and bronzed in the correct ventricle in light of the fact that the as of now oxygenated blood streams once more into the correct ventricle and blood in the left ventricle would be rosy. 5. Caleb’s chest permits oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to mix. In light of your discernment of the chest and the extraordinary vass. portray other anatomical abnormalcies that cause the commixture of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. Atrioventricular Canal Defect is an abnormalcy that causes the commixture of blood. There is a gap in focus of chest where the divider between the upper and lower Chamberss meet. The tricuspid and mitral valves aren’t shaped acceptably and one major valve crosses the imperfection. The deformity Lashkar-e-Taibas oxygen rich blood base on balls to the heart’s right side and blend in with deoxygenated blood. so head out back to the lungs. Another abnormalcy is Atrial Septal Defect ( ASD ) . where the dividers of the upper Chamberss of the chest don’t close entirely. doing a left to right movement of blood because of the higher power per unit region. The commixture of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood may do the correct chamber and ventricle to extend because of the higher volume of blood. 6. What happens to Caleb’s fundamental heart finished result as an outcome of his ventricular septate imperfection ( VSD ) ? Clarify your answer. Caleb’s foundational heart finished result will be diminished. His blood will come in the correct ventricle be siphoned to the lungs. come back to one side ventricle as be shunted back to the correct ventricle. This makes more blood come in the correct ventricle. The overabundance blood so go forthing the correct ventricle causes a volume over-burden to the lungs. Since blood is being shunted back to the correct ventricle. there is a lesser volume of oxygenated blood that leaves the chest to give the rest of the natural structure. 7. One of the employments that stressed Tiffaney was that Caleb appeared to be take a breathing unnecessarily hard all the clasp. Let’s perceive how this manifestation is identified with his chest deformity. a. Depict what might go on to the blood volume and power per unit region come ining the pneumonic circuit as a result of his VSD. In VSD the privilege and left ventricles are working more enthusiastically. siphoning a more noteworthy volume of blood than they generally would. Additional blood will experience through the pneumonic arteria into the lungs doing. blood power per unit zone to be higher than ordinary in the blood vass and lungs. B. Depict what might go on to the myocardium of Caleb’s right ventricle as an outcome of his VSD. The privilege ventricular chest musculus will inspissate and lose snap over clasp. doing the chest to work more enthusiastically to effectively siphon blood the lungs and rest of the natural structure. 8. In light of the area of Caleb’s imperfection. what segment of the conductivity framework may be at peril for abnormalcies? It is profoundly uncommon that VSD would do a conductivity framework imperfection because of the way that the two frameworks are extraordinary. diverse embryological advancement. however are in close propinquity to one another. It is feasible for the bundle of His to be uprooted. in any case, regularly is unaffected. Here and there a development of the bundle of His could be on an edge of the VSD. be that as it may, is as yet ready to work. The solitary dangerous segment is if medical procedure is required. the doctor should be cautious while shuting the imperfection.

A New York Minute COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

A New York Minute COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog You may have heard the expression New York minute before.   The long time host of The Tonight Show, Johnny Carson, once described a New York Minute this way: Its the interval between a Manhattan traffic light turning green and the guy behind you honking his horn. The expression is meant to convey a hectic and busy pace, and you could say that events at SIPA seem to happen almost every minute.   Here is the latest update on current and upcoming events at SIPA. Monday, April 5 Sunday, April 11 THIS WEEKS FEATURED EVENT April 6, 2010 from 9:00 am to 6:00 pm SIPA, International Media And Communications Conference: Facing the Fracture: Media Economic Understanding with Columbia University professor Joseph E. Stiglitz, associate editor of the Financial Times Martin Wolf and many other top journalists, scholars, and activists International Affairs Building, Room 1501 Monday, April 5 April 5, 2010 from 12:00 pm to 1:30 pm Weatherhead East Asian Institute Modern Tibetan Studies Brown Bag Conversation: Cinema in Tibet with Pema Tseden and Rigden Gyatso, filmmakers International Affairs Building, Room 918 April 5, 2010 from 12:00 pm to 2:00 pm School of International and Public Affairs, Harriman Institute Talk: Daniil Andreev: The idea of integration of the global cultural space with Dmitri Ahtyrsky, Visiting Scholar, Columbia University. In Russian. International Affairs Building, Room 1219 April 5, 2010 from 12:15 pm to 1:45 pm Middle East Institute Brown Bag Lecture: Turkeys Entente with Israel and Azerbaijan: End of the Dance? with Alexander Murinson, author of Turkeys Entente with Israel and Azerbaijan. Knox Hall, Room 207 606 West 122nd Street (between Claremont and Broadway Avenues) April 5, 2010 from 1:00 pm to 2:00 pm SIPA, Economic and Political Development Brown Bag: With Sienna Baskin, Staff Attorney of the Sex Workers Project at the Urban Justice Center International Affairs Building, Rm. 1401 April 5, 2010 from 6:00 pm to 7:45 pm SIPA, International Economic Policy IFEP APEC Study Center Distinguished Speaker Series: Chinas Currency and U.S.-China Relations International Affairs Building, Room 1512 Tuesday, April 6 April 6, 2010 from 9:00 am to 6:00 pm SIPA, International Media And Communications Conference: Facing the Fracture: Media Economic Understanding with Columbia University professor Joseph E. Stiglitz, associate editor of the Financial Times Martin Wolf and many other top journalists, scholars, and activists International Affairs Building, Room 1501 April 6, 2010 from 12:00 pm to 1:30 pm School of International and Public Affairs, Harriman Institute Talk: Kosovos Difficult Future: Challenges Ahead with Ilir Deda, Executive Director, Kosovar Institute for Policy Research and Development (KIPRED) International Affairs Building, Room 1219 April 6, 2010 from 4:20 pm to 6:10 pm Weatherhead East Asian Institute Lecture:: The Slippery Matter of Trademarks: Copycat Soap Companies, the Question of Authenticity, and Sino-British Diplomacy in 1930s China.from the series Colloquium: Chinese Law and Society. Co-sponsored by the Center for Chinese Legal Studies (CCLS) at Columbia Law School. Jerome Greene Hall Case Lounge, Room 701 April 6, 2010 from 6:00 pm to 8:00 pm SIPA, Economic and Political Development Social Entrepreneurship Lecture Series: Building Partnerships for Social Ventures with Yasmina Zaidman, Director of Communications, Acumen Fund. Reception to follow. International Affairs Building, Room 1512 April 6, 2010 from 7:00 pm to 9:00 pm SIPA, Student Group Talk: The Face of the Voiceless: Iraqi Orphan Initiative. Please join us to learn about the sad realities on the ground for Iraqi orphans and learn how you can help. Co-sponsored by the Network of Arab American Professionals of NY (NAAP-NY). International Affairs Building, Room 410 Wednesday, April 7 April 7, 2010 from 12:00 pm to 2:00 pm Harriman Institute BookTalk: with by Pauline Jones Luong, Brown University. The discussion will on the authors new book (written with Erika Weinthal, Duke University) entitled Oil is Not a Curse: Ownership Structure and Institutions in Soviet Successor States (forthcoming), This is a meeting of the Comparative Politics Seminar, jointly sponsored by the Harriman Institute and the Department of Political Science. International Affairs Building, Lindsay Rogers Room (7th Floor) April 7, 2010 from 6:00 pm to 9:00 pm SIPA, Human Rights Working Group Panel Discussion: Raise Hope for Congo addresses the conflict in eastern Congo, specifically the scourge of conflict minerals and the epidemic of rape and sexual violence in the region. With John Prendergast, co-founder of the Enough Project, Roger Luhiri, a former fistula doctor at Panzi Hospital in DRC and Lisa Jackson, director of the film The Greatest Silence about rape in the Congo. International Affairs Building, Room 1501 Thursday, April 8 April 8, 2010 from 12:00 pm to 1:30 pm Weatherhead East Asian Institute Brown Bag Lecture: Recent Trends in Divorce and Divorce Law in Hong Kong, with Deborah Davis, Professor of Sociology, Yale University. International Affairs Building, Room 918 April 8, 2010 from 12:30 pm to 2:00 pm Middle East Institute Brown Bag Lecture: The Lineages of the Neo-Mamluk State with Richard Bulliet, Professor of History at Columbia University Knox Hall, Room 208 606 W. 122nd St. April 8, 2010 from 1:00 pm to 3:00 pm SIPA, UN Studies Program UNSP Working Lunch: The Responsibility to Protect: Perspectives from the Non-Aligned Movement with the Ambassadors of Egypt and Cuba Permanent Mission of Egypt to the UN April 8, 2010 from 2:30 pm to 4:00 pm Center for Homelessness Prevention Studies Grand Rounds: With Dr. Richard Warner, internationally recognized by the mental health care community as a leader in schizophrenia treatment and recovery research and development. Columbia Medical Center Psychiatric Institute All-Purpose Room, 6th Fl., Rm 6602 168th Street and Haven Avenue April 8, 2010 from 6:15 pm to 8:00 pm School of International and Public Affairs, Harriman Institute Lecture: Czech Writers Under Siege and Czech Literary History with Professor Holý, Institute for Czech Literature and Literary Studies at the Philosophical Faculty of Charles University in Prague. Co-sponsored with Columbia Universitys Slavic Department. International Affairs Building, Room 1510 April 8, 2010 from 6:30 pm to 8:30 pm Institute for Social and Economic Research and Policy Talk: Lies, Damn Lies, and Statistics or Did We Ask the Wrong Question with David Monk, NERA Economic Consulting Hamilton Hall, Room 503 April 8, 2010 from 7:30 pm to 9:30 pm Harriman Institute Screenings and Commentary: Revisiting Soviet TV with Jonathan Sanders, a consultant on international broadcasting and Russian affairs. Part of the Harriman Core Project 2009-2010: New Modes of Communication in the Post-Soviet World International Affairs Building, Room 1219 Friday, April 9 April 9, 2010 from 8:30 am to 4:30 pm Earth Institute New York City Water Summit: With academic, governmental and industrial leaders in the fields of drinking water and waste water International Affairs Building, Altschul Auditorium April 9, 2010 from 10:00 am to 6:00 pm School of International and Public Affairs, Harriman Institute Workshop: Convened by the Harriman Institute and co-sponsored by the American Research Institute of the South Caucasus International Affairs Building, Room 1512 April 9, 2010 from 12:00 pm to 1:00 pm Earth Institute Seminar: Tailoring seasonal climate forecasts for hydropower operations in Ethiopias upper Blue Nile basin with Paul Block, Associate Research Scientist, Hydroclimatology and Water Resources Management, International Research Institute for Climate and Society, The Earth Institute, Columbia University Seeley W. Mudd Building, Room 924 Register April 9, 2010 from 12:30 pm to 2:30 pm Harriman Institute Freedom and Democracy Twenty Years After Are we there yet? The Czech Republic in Europe and in the World with a keynote address by Jan Fischer, Prime Minister of the Czech Republic Followed by a question and answer session with the audience. Light lunch will be served. Online registration is required International Affairs Building, Kellogg Center, 15th Floor Register April 9, 2010 from 6:30 pm to 8:00 pm Harriman Institute Talk:The Paris Peace Conference of 1919-1920 and its Legacy: A Yugoslav Perspective with Dejan Djokic, Senior Lecturer in Modern and Contemporary History; Director, Centre for the Study of the Balkans Goldsmiths College, University of London. Co-sponsored by the Njego Endowment for Serbian Language Culture at Columbia University International Affairs Building, Room 1219 Saturday, April 10 April 10, 2010, All-Day Event Harriman Institute Third Annual OASIES Student Conference: Power and Movement Across Asia, presented by the Organizations for the Advancement of Studies of Inner Eurasian Societies at Columbia University, New York University, and Yale University International Affairs Building, Room 707 April 10, 2010 from 10:00 am to 7:00 pm Harriman Institute Conference: Georgian Modernism with panels covering Tbilisi Avant-Garde Art and its Cultural Milieu and Georgian Modernism and its Development International Affairs Building, Room 1512 Sunday, April 11 No Events Scheduled UPCOMING EVENTS Monday, April 12 â€" Sunday, May 2 Monday, April 12 April 12, 2010 from 4:00 pm to 5:30 pm South Asian Institute Distinguished Lecturer Series: Brahman communities and the making of social critique in western India, c. 1600-1850 by Rosalind OHanlon,Oxford University Knox Hall, Room 208 606 West 122nd Street between Broadway and Claremont Avenue April 12, 2010 from 6:00 pm to 8:30 pm Committee on Global Thought Discussion:Financial Market Reform with Phil Angelides, Chairman of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission; Gary Gensler, Chairman of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission; Arthur Levitt, former Chairman of the United States Securities and Exchange Commission ; and Joseph Stiglitz, Chairman of the Committee of Global Thought. Low Library Rotunda Register April 12, 2010 from 6:30 pm to 8:00 pm SIPA Center for the Study of Democracy, Toleration and Religion Book Signing: with Nicholas D. Kristof. two-time Pulitzer Prize winner and columnist for the New York Times Journalism Building Lecture Hall, 3rd Floor Tuesday, April 13 April 13, 2010 from 4:20 pm to 6:10 pm Weatherhead East Asian Institute Lecture: The Exclusionary Rule in a State of Flux: China, Taiwan, and the United States with Margaret K. Lewis. The lecture is a part of the series Colloquium: Chinese Law and Society Jerome Greene Hall, Case Lounge, Room 701 Wednesday, April 14 April 14, 2010 from 12:00 pm to 1:30 pm Weatherhead East Asian Institute Brown Bag Lecture:The Politics of Presence: Voice, Deity Possession, and Dilemmas of Development Among Tibetans, with Charlene Makley, Associate Professor of Anthropology, Reed College. International Affairs Building, Room 918 Thursday, April 15 April 15, 2010 from 6:45 pm to 8:45 pm Weatherhead East Asian Institute Modern Tibetan Studies Film Screening: The Silent Holy Stones from the series Soul-Searching in Tibet Films by Pema Tseden (Wanma Caidan) Asia Society 725 Park Avenue New York, NY 10021 Friday, April 16 April 16, 2010 from 12:00 pm to 1:00 pm Earth Institute Seminar: An Integrated Framework for Analysis of Water Supply in a Developing World City with Veena Srinivasan, Post-doctoral Scholar, Department of Environmental Earth System Science, Stanford University Seeley W. Mudd Building, Room 924 Register Monday, April 19 April 19, 2010 from 12:00 pm to 1:30 pm Weatherhead East Asian Institute Brown Bag Lecture: Governance and Local Economic Policymaking: Vietnam and Indonesia, with Alasdair Bowie, Associate Professor of Political Science and International Affairs, the George Washington University International Affairs Building, Room 918 April 19, 2010 from 3:30 pm to 5:30 pm Weatherhead East Asian Institute Panel Discussion: Private Lives of Public Women â€" Disrupting the Figure of the Prostitute in South Korea, with Sealing Cheng, Wellesley College; Elizabeth Bernstein, Barnard College; Mary Marshall Clark, Columbia University; and Carole S. Vance, Columbia University. International Affairs Building, Room 918 April 19, 2010 from 12:00 pm to 1:30 pm Weatherhead East Asian Institute Brown Bag Lecture: Governance and Local Economic Policymaking: Vietnam and Indonesia, with Alasdair Bowie, Associate Professor of Political Science and International Affairs, the George Washington University International Affairs Building, Room 918 Wednesday, April 21 April 21, 2010 from 9:00 am to 10:30 am Harriman Institute Please join the Harriman Institute in welcoming Jeri Laber, Russian Insitute 54, Founder of Human Rights Watch Pupin Laboratories 301 April 21, 2010 from 2:00 pm to 4:00 pm School of International and Public Affairs, Harriman Institute Talk: The Moscow Kremlin Museum: Who needs this museum? with Svetlana Kostanyan, Kremlin Museum Research Library International Affairs Building, Room 1219 April 21, 2010 from 7:30 pm to 9:00 pm Harriman Institute Discussion: Old Print Journalism Meets New Media Theory with Yassen Zassoursky, Dean of the Faculty of Journalism at Moscow State University versus his grandson Ivan Zassoursky, Director of the New Media Department. Part of the Media Dialogues Across Boundaries series (Harriman Core Project 2009-2010: New Modes of Communication in the Post-Soviet World) Faculty House, Presidential Room 2 Thursday, April 22 April 22, 2010 from 12:00 pm to 2:00 pm SIPA International Conflict Resolution Program Working Lunch: Environmental Restoration: a Tool for Peace Building in Serbia The Italian Academy at Columbia University 1161 Amsterdam Avenue (between 116th Street and 118th Street) Register Friday, April 23 April 23, 2010, All Day Event SIPA International Conflict Resolution Program Environmental Conflict Resolution Series: Environment as a Source of Cooperation in Iraq Local and Regional Perspectives The Italian Academy at Columbia University 1161 Amsterdam Avenue (between 116th Street and 118th Street) Register April 23, 2010 from 3:00 pm to 4:00 pm Earth Institute Seminar: With Paolo DOdorico, Associate Professor, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia Seeley W. Mudd Building, Room 924 Register Monday, April 26 April 26, 2010 from 4:00 pm to 5:30 pm SIPA Center for the Study of Democracy, Toleration and Religion and South Asian Institute Annual Mary Keating Das Lecture: No Longer Pakistani, Not Yet Indian Migration and the Meaning of Citizenship with Niraja Gopal Jayal (Visiting Professor, Princeton University; Centre for the Study of Law and Governance, Jawaharlal Nehru University) Knox Hall, Room 208 Tuesday, April 27 April 27, 2010 from 7:30 pm to 9:30 pm Harriman Institute Screenings and Commentary: Soviet TV with Donna Bahry, Department of Political Science, Penn State University. Part of the Harriman Core Project 2009-2010: New Modes of Communication in the Post-Soviet World International Affairs Building, Room 1219 Wednesday, April 28 April 28, 2010 from 12:00 pm to 1:30 pm Harriman Institute Talk: Democratization v. Reconciliation: Post-Nationalist Memories of the Battle of Kosovo with Dr. Anna Di Lellio, commentator and policy analyst on post-war Kosovo, author of The Battle of Kosovo 1389. An Albanian Epic (I.B. Tauris 2009) and the editor of The Case for Kosova. A Passage to Independence (Anthem Press 2006). International Affairs Building, Room 1219 April 28, 2010 from 4:00 pm to 5:30 pm a SIPA Center for the Study of Democracy, Toleration and Religion and South Asian Institute Discussion: With Yogendra Yadav, Senior Fellow at the Centre for the Study of Developing Societies (CSDS) and Co-Director of Lokniti, a research programme on comparative democracy. Knox Hall, Room 509 Thursday, April 29 April 29, 2010 from 6:00 pm to 8:00 pm Harriman Institute Book Discussion: Russia Against Napoleon: The True Story of the Campaigns of War and Peace with Dominic Lieven, Professor of History at the London School of Economics. Co-sponsored by the Dual Master’s Degree Program in International and World History and the European Institute. International Affairs Building, Lehman Center, Room 406 April 29, 2010 from 6:30 pm to 8:30 pm Institute for Social and Economic Research and Policy Seminar: With Sanjay Reddy, New School for Social Research Hamilton Hall, Room 503 Friday, April 30 April 30, 2010 from 12:00 pm to 1:30 pm Weatherhead East Asian Institute Brown Bag Lecture: China in the 21st Century â€" A Cultural Historians Take on Contemporary Events and Contemporary Dilemmas with Jeffrey Wasserstrom, Professor of History at the University of California, Irvine, and the editor of the Journal of Asian Studies. International Affairs Building, Room 918 April 30, 2010 from 12:00 pm to 1:00 pm Earth Institute Seminar:With Douglas James, Associate Professor, Department of Computer Science, Cornell University Seeley W. Mudd Building, Room 924 Register To publicize an event, submit your entry at http://www.sipa.columbia.edu/news_events/submit_event.html, by 5:00 pm on Wednesday. Columbia University Homepage| SIPA Homepage | SIPA Events| Subscribe to News Feed via RSS

Teaching and Learning Language Grammar and Vocabulary

Teaching and Learning Language: Grammar and Vocabulary This essay will focus on the subject of learning and teaching languages. More specifically it will deal with two different, but intrinsically related topics. The first topic investigates the deductive and the inductive approaches to teaching grammar, and the positive and negative aspects of them both. The deductive approach is the more teacher-centered approach, where the teacher explains rules and so forth to the students, while the inductive approach is more learner-centered and encourages the student to guess rules instead of being told by the teacher. The second topic examines how vocabulary can be taught and learned differently from the much used word list method, or glosmetoden.†¦show more content†¦Hence, the learner has to develop strategies to learn vocabulary, and these strategies are not going to be the same for everybody. The teachers job then needs to be to encourage and guide the students to find their own methods of learning. Henriksen (1999, as cited in Lunda hl) describes lexical competence in three parts: â€Å"partial to precise knowledge of word meaning, depth of knowledge and receptive to productive use ability†. This is a good way of describing the different layers of learning new vocabulary, and it tells us that there are different stages that a learner usually go through when learning. The first stage should then usually be encountering the word in different contexts several times, through extensive reading; the second stage is linked to the first in that the depth of knowledge develops through seeing the word in different contexts, but it would also be beneficial to look up the word; the third stage, to move on from understanding a word to being able to use it can be done by engaging the student in discussions or writing texts using the words. The question of whether a teacher should use the deductive or the inductive approach is not a clear cut one, since both do have their advantages and disadvantages. However, research (Brown, 2007, p. 423) seems to show it is best to focus on teaching with aShow MoreRelatedLinguistic Theories Essay1626 Words   |  7 PagesIn the past, the study of grammar has been investigated for centuries, it was also significantly role in language teaching and learning. The reasons for teaching and learning are different in each period. In some eras, a major aim of teaching and learning was making learners to be able to communicate. In others, it was essentially taught for the purposes of reading and writing. For these reasons, the studies of two linguistic theories, the traditional grammar and the structuralism were created.Read MoreSituational Language Teaching Grew Out of the Direct Method1204 Words   |  5 PagesSituational Language Teaching is a language teaching method that grew out of th e Direct Method and was developed by British applied linguists Palmer and Hornby between 1930s and 1960s. By the 1950, this approach become the most accepted British approach due to its focus of vocabulary and grammar control (Faried.N.F, 2011). 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Status Of Use Of Ict By Secondary School Students Of Nepal...

Status of Use of ICT by Secondary School Students of Nepal Dirgha Raj Joshi Research Scholar Faculty of Education Banaras Hindu University, India Abstract Information and communication technology (ICT) is most important part of modern education system. It is highly beneficial for the improvement of students several aspect of knowledge, skill and attitudes. The study focused in use of ICT with respect to students of class nine and ten from secondary schools of Kathmandu, Nepal. Responses of 106 students were taken and data has analyzed by percentage and Mann Whitney U test. It was found that most of the students of that level are weakly using technology and public school students were poorer in several measured items even boys and girl students were not differ in the use of ICT. It is important to accomplish so many properties by several stakeholders for proper use of it in their learning. Key words: information and communication technology, Use of ICT 1. Introduction Information and communication technology (ICT) is modern conception in the field of education. It makes easy to understand new concepts, knowledge, skill related to daily life circumstances. Education system has been affected by technology (Adu Olatundun, 2013). New technologies challenge the traditional conceptions and ensure new concepts in teaching learning process. So use of ICT in learning has typical role for students’ motivation and learning. Developed country has good practice in the field ofShow MoreRelatedProspects Ict in Bangladesh5251 Words   |  22 PagesICT-Driven Knowledge Economy in Bangladesh 1. Introduction Information and Communication Technologies (herein referred to as ICT) consist of hardware, software, networks, and media for collection, storage, processing transmission, and presentation of information in the form of voice, data, text, and images. They range from the telephone, radio and television to the Internet (World Bank 2003a, and 2003b). Today’s economy depends on the increased flow of ideas and information across firmsRead MoreMarking System Is Better Than Grading System17277 Words   |  70 Pagesconsensus that grading (many organisations use the term ‘awarding’) is the process of converting raw marks for components into component and subject grades. In the traditional examination cycle, grading is one step in the qualifications delivery process. In common with other UK regulators and awarding bodies, the principles underpinning SQA grading are founded in case law and informed by developments in psychometrics and ICT. Given its unique national status, SQA and its forerunners have been able toRead MoreI Love Reading Essay69689 Words   |  279 Pagesinvestors, VCs and PE funds are beginning to become more active, particularly in knowledge-intensive sectors, and need incentives for greater involvement. To create incentives for seed capital funding, some steps include the following: establishing a secondary market for smaller companies, creating new instruments for start-up funding and providing ï ¬ nancial literacy to start-ups. Synergies between Education (including modern vocational education training/skill development), Innovation (converting ideas

Osi Analogy Paper Free Essays

OSI Model Analogy Trevor Crews Strayer University The OSI model is the model developed for computer-to-computer communications over a network. This model breaks down all the functions that occur into seven distinct layers. These layers are, application, presentation, session, transport, network, data link, and the physical layer. We will write a custom essay sample on Osi Analogy Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now Each one encompasses a specific part of the process that occurs during the communication. In order to simplify this think of it like sending a package through the post office. It can be broken down into seven stages or layers for this example. We start with bringing an item or letter to the post office that is to be sent to a determined destination. This is essentially what happens in the application layer. This is the interface between the communication and the entire process as it is in how a computer works. Next the item is packaged and put into a box or envelope. This is similar to how the presentation layer functions. In this layer the communication is formatted, encrypted, and compressed; basically prepared for sending. Our package is then tagged with tracking information and tagging information that allows us to track it and verify if there are any other packages and if needed what order they go in. This is similar to the session layer. Next our package is put into a sorting device of some kind that sorts things based on size to see if it is able to be sent with other shipments or broken down to be sent different ways if it is to large. This is similar to the transport layer of the OSI model. The similarities go on over the next few layers as well. After packages are sorted they couriers inspect the packages and are given the specific routes they are to take in order to deliver the correct packages to the correct recipients. This represents the network layer in that the connections are established between the computers and the routing is also established. Next the packages are loaded onto the means of their transportation. This can include both truck and plane or whatever other method is needed to ensure delivery. This is how the data link layer works. The information is packaged generally in frames and sent via the proper transmission method via the designated route. The first of this process ends with the drivers getting into to their vehicles and driving towards the destinations with the packages. This is the physical layer in which the transmission takes place. After all this takes place it goes back through the same layers in the reverse order to ensure that everything that has happened was in the correct order and method. For example a package arrives at its destination, it’s then unloaded, inspected to make sure its intact and not damaged, signed for to verify the correct address and recipient, unpacked, and finally read. While the process as a whole can be overwhelmingly complex if it is broken down into layers as the OSI model does it can be viewed a little more simplistically and compared to modern day processes. Such as the post office as I have described. There are also many other similarities that if one looked they could make connections to. Works Cited Dean, T. (2010). CIS 175: Network + Guide to Networks: 2010 Custom Edition (5th Edition). Boston: Cengage Learning. How to cite Osi Analogy Paper, Essays

Osi Analogy Paper Free Essays

OSI Model Analogy Trevor Crews Strayer University The OSI model is the model developed for computer-to-computer communications over a network. This model breaks down all the functions that occur into seven distinct layers. These layers are, application, presentation, session, transport, network, data link, and the physical layer. We will write a custom essay sample on Osi Analogy Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now Each one encompasses a specific part of the process that occurs during the communication. In order to simplify this think of it like sending a package through the post office. It can be broken down into seven stages or layers for this example. We start with bringing an item or letter to the post office that is to be sent to a determined destination. This is essentially what happens in the application layer. This is the interface between the communication and the entire process as it is in how a computer works. Next the item is packaged and put into a box or envelope. This is similar to how the presentation layer functions. In this layer the communication is formatted, encrypted, and compressed; basically prepared for sending. Our package is then tagged with tracking information and tagging information that allows us to track it and verify if there are any other packages and if needed what order they go in. This is similar to the session layer. Next our package is put into a sorting device of some kind that sorts things based on size to see if it is able to be sent with other shipments or broken down to be sent different ways if it is to large. This is similar to the transport layer of the OSI model. The similarities go on over the next few layers as well. After packages are sorted they couriers inspect the packages and are given the specific routes they are to take in order to deliver the correct packages to the correct recipients. This represents the network layer in that the connections are established between the computers and the routing is also established. Next the packages are loaded onto the means of their transportation. This can include both truck and plane or whatever other method is needed to ensure delivery. This is how the data link layer works. The information is packaged generally in frames and sent via the proper transmission method via the designated route. The first of this process ends with the drivers getting into to their vehicles and driving towards the destinations with the packages. This is the physical layer in which the transmission takes place. After all this takes place it goes back through the same layers in the reverse order to ensure that everything that has happened was in the correct order and method. For example a package arrives at its destination, it’s then unloaded, inspected to make sure its intact and not damaged, signed for to verify the correct address and recipient, unpacked, and finally read. While the process as a whole can be overwhelmingly complex if it is broken down into layers as the OSI model does it can be viewed a little more simplistically and compared to modern day processes. Such as the post office as I have described. There are also many other similarities that if one looked they could make connections to. Works Cited Dean, T. (2010). CIS 175: Network + Guide to Networks: 2010 Custom Edition (5th Edition). Boston: Cengage Learning. How to cite Osi Analogy Paper, Essays

Migration, labor mobility and growth in Canada

Table of Contents Introduction Labor Mobility and Canada’s Economic Growth Labor mobility and the Labor Canadian Labor Markets Migration and Canadian Labor Markets Migration and its potential to Canadian Economy Conclusion Works Cited Introduction Canada has achieved a tremendous growth in its economy because of various factors. Analysts on Canadian economy show that the country has made a significant progress as a result of the influx of immigrants and labor mobility in the country. Besides, the Canadian economy has been boosted because of its open policy which few countries in the world uphold.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Migration, labor mobility and growth in Canada specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Concisely, the Canadian open policy has encouraged different categories of workers to immigrate into the country. The policy has simplified migration of people because it evaluates their level of ski lls and competency to grant entry. This policy, and others established by the government have allowed workers to either relocate as permanent workers, temporary foreign worker, TFW or as foreign students. Also, labor mobility contributed to the country’s economic growth and development. Labor mobility designate privileges which a worker is accorded when exploiting new opportunities in line with his/her profession. It allows a worker to go beyond his/her jurisdiction or whenever the opportunity emerges. Labor mobility has granted workers wider field of searching for jobs besides exposing employers to more workers with different skills and competencies. The author in this paper explores the contribution of immigrants and labor mobility to the economic development of Canada. In achieving this goal, the author outlines the government involvement in supporting labor mobility through policy frameworks. The author notes that migration and labor mobility has contributed to the econom ic growth of Canada because they have provided wider economic opportunities both for the worker and employer. Moreover, the author provides a historical and economic justification of migration and explores the Canadian policies contributing to the large influx of immigrants to the country, and the importance of their immigrations to Canada’s economic growth. In summary, migration and labor mobility has facilitated free movement of people, allowed the nation to fill the void created by low birth rates and supported service industries in accessing qualified foreign workers they need. Labor Mobility and Canada’s Economic Growth Devoretz (89) shows that annually, about 200,000 Canadians relocate to different jurisdictions to search for employment opportunities; this aspect, Head and John (48) point out that it has assisted the Canadian economy to grow and expand. Besides, it has contributed to recognition of qualifications across the country, and benefited both the employe rs and employees (Devoretz 91). Canadian government encourages labor mobility. It has formulated policies such as the Agreement on Internal Trade, AIT to streamline labor mobility practices.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Head et al (70) point out that this policy, which was signed in 1994 by the territorial and provincial governments and the government of Canada, allows investment, services and people to move freely across Canada. Head and John (49) note that by embracing this provision, AIT permits any qualified person in any Canadian jurisdiction to access similar opportunities in other parts of the country. The AIT work towards eliminating barriers associated with mobility shift such as residency requirements, differences in employment standards and practices connected to occupational certification, registration and licensing (Head and John, 50). Labor mobility and the Labor Canadian Labor Markets AIT has played a key role in Canadian labor market. It has partnered with other professionals and government agencies, which help regulate hundreds of trade and occupations across the country (Head and John 52). The government agencies and professional groups work on a common consensus in regard to the qualifications required to ensure their wider recognition. Head and John (50) indicate that Canada has over 60 regulated professions, and among them 51 have been synchronized in two or more territories and provinces. Some of the regulated occupations include teaching, architecture, nursing and doctors. Consequently, Devoretz (67) cite that other trades such as plumbing, automobile mechanics and electrical are also regulated through licensing. Also, other policies such as Forum of Labor Market Ministers support inter-jurisdictional cooperation and consultation on labor markets (Coulombe and Frank 92). This policy is important in supporting inter-jurisdictio n understanding on matters such as labor market and forums for achieving mobility goals. Similarly, it has promoted the mobility of highly skilled workers with mobile qualifications. Devoretz (60) asserts that the Forum of Labor Market Ministers has developed and expanded inter-jurisdictional standards. These standards have increased the quality of labor in Canada. Also, FLMM has aligned the Canadians work requirements with economic structures, and provided the inter-jurisdictional association in order to facilitate participatory structures through labor force development boards. The impact of labor mobility to the Canadian economy has been significant. Devoretz (63) cites increase in labor demand for the production goods and services and reduction of administrative barriers in people as the contribution of FLMM. These developments have increased the capacity of organizations to meet labor requirements, and workers to find employment opportunities across the borders.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Migration, labor mobility and growth in Canada specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Migration and Canadian Labor Markets Canada is a country with higher rate of immigration in the world. It is among the countries in the western world that promote widespread immigration. In response to global migrations, the Canadian government has devised immigration policies, which favor its economic growth and expansion (Head et al 69). These policies have enabled the country access the appropriate number of immigrant workers with the right skills. Similarly, the country has developed more strategic and responsive immigration structures that support fast tracking of people with the skills needed by employers and aggressively marketing Canada globally. This is done with an aim of making people view Canada as a place of skilled immigrants. Strategic responses have been sought through sustaining structural and instit utional reforms. Reforms in these areas have ignited migration of skilled workers in the country. Head et al (67) denote substantial reform which the government as Temporary foreign Worker, TFW, and valuing international students among others as the key elements promoting Canadian economic growth. In regard to TFW, the Canadian immigration policy knows that a person having sufficient skills is vital for Canadian businesses to compete and succeed globally. Thus, this aspect has made Canadian employers to look for foreign workers across the borders to achieve this goal. Similarly, the Canadian government values international students. Foreign students undertaking their studies in Canadian institutions of higher learning develop ties with the Canadian labor market through working off- campus. Once they complete their studies, they are allowed to look for work in Canadian companies. Coulombe and Frank (92) cite that international students inject over $ 6.5 billion in the Canadian econom y annually. Migration and its potential to Canadian Economy Migration and labor mobility is marked by distinctive features in terms of gender and culture, skill set and geographical ties. It can be both temporal and permanent. Head et al (74) shows that immigration influences an economy in a number of ways, which can be either, be positive or negative. This is because the high influx of immigrants increases labor supply, which tends to reduce domestic pay and wages among domestic workers. Thus, the scale of the impact on employment depends in the resilience of the domestic market. If domestic wages are vibrant, then, the impact on employment may be significant. However, if the domestic wages are elastic, then, the impact on employment is likely to be smaller (Coulombe and Frank, 90). Thus, Canadian has attracted immigrants because of its elasticity in domestic wage.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Consequently, the Canadian government does not tolerate the economic peril of population turn down. In this regard, various organizations such as the DRI-McGraw Hill have supported the country’s immigration policy. Though they consider the country’s policies reduces immigration levels, and contributes to short-term costs, in the long run, they view immigration has an essential tool for boosting economic output and employment in the country. Similarly, the Economic Council of Canada notes that immigration in the country should be encouraged and supported. In one of its findings, it indicated that the immigrants contributed significantly to the economic development of the country. Similarly, the Royal Bank of Canada in 1995 reported that the Canadian government should strengthen the country’s immigration rate from 30 percent rate to 400,000 per year (Coulombe and 92). This is in order to promote the county’s per Capita income and sustain economic growth. Pe rsonal Perspective I reckon that immigration and labor mobility is instrumental in reshaping Canada’s economy. Labor mobility helps reduce immigration which results in a number of economic benefits to a host country. One such benefit a country accrues from these practices is the increase in labor supply. I concur with Coulombe and Frank (88) that a country experience labor increase because labor mobility allows more workers to enter the country’s economy; this increases the overall labor supply. The increase accompanied by a fixed labor market lead to decrease in wage rates. Also, labor mobility influences a worker in various ways. First, it provides the worker with a prospect of improving his/her financial situation. This happens when a worker is allowed to move freely or train for a new job. If this happens, a worker feels happy and transmits the same in enhancing productivity. Secondly, labor mobility is a driver for the general economic growth of a country. This is in terms of how the economy embraces technology and competitive advantage. Besides, the restrictions confined to workers in regard on how they move around, either occupationally or geographically inhibit growth by making it more challenging for industries to hire the right workers. Conclusion Migration and labor mobility is essential for any economy in the world. It allows people to search for employment opportunities and lead a better life. Consequently, when governments place fewer restrictions on where people move and what occupations are fit for them, they find it easy to apply for any occupation in which they have the right skill and interest. Also, businesses gain productivity and improve the welfare of its employees through aspects such as training, motivation and welfare programs among others. Through such practices, a country is assured of economic growth besides promoting the welfare of its citizens. Works Cited Coulombe, Serge, Frank Lee. â€Å"Convergence across Canadi an Provinces, 1961 to 1991†³Canadian. Journal-of-Economics; 28(4a) (1995): 80- 98. Devoretz, Don. Canadian Human Capital Transfers: The United States and  Beyond, Toronto: Howe Institute, 1998. Print Head, Keith; John Ries and Don Wagner. Immigrants and the Trade of Province,  RIIM Working Paper 98-21, Vancouver, 1998. Head, Keith and John Ries, Immigration and Trade Creation: Econometric Evidence from Canada, Canadian Journal of Economics (1998): 47-62. Print This essay on Migration, labor mobility and growth in Canada was written and submitted by user Ibrahim V. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Global Shopping Trends Essay Example

Global Shopping Trends Essay Example Global Shopping Trends Essay Global Shopping Trends Essay stores, catalogs, online, call centers, social networking, ddigital displays, mobile). Few, however, truly understand how consumers are using and shopping across each of their channels (e. g. , using social media sites to get discounts, going to the store to test the product and then purchasing the product online), and even fewer have a seamless, consistent and comprehensive multichannel strategy. However, having a comprehensive multi channel strategy will become more important than ever. As consumers become sawier, they are increasingly taking charge of their shopping experience, dentifying and leveraging many different sources of information and channels to optimize the different elements of their shopping Journey. As of this writing, 71 ppercent of respondents to the Deloitte U. S. 2011 Annual Holiday Survey were planning on shopping multiple channels in some manner viewing or researching products in one channel and purchasing in another, for exam ple. Since customers do not distinguish between channels, retailers will have to support seamless integration among and between each of them, including access to assortment, customer informa tion and order information. Within the next few years, it is likely that onsumers will expect to use a mobile device to get realtime inventory information about the closest stores or to order a product while in a store and have it delivered to their home. Therefore, in 2012 it is likely that retailers will continue to develop and launch innovative multichannel solutions. Retailers will need to have a clear understanding of the shopping Journey and how consumers move across channels, from mobile to social networking, the web and in store. Understanding how they go through the prepurchase, purchase, and post purchase process will be key to retailers identifying opportunities that both nhance their bottom line and actually make sense to consumers. For example, most large retailers in developed multichannel markets like the United States and the U. K. 2 of 14 no longer operate in silos but have become brand and product showrooms that drive revenues across all channels and are destinations for consumers to do more than Just simply browse and transact To support ssimilar iintegrated, seamless and consistent multichannel experiences, many retailers will need to reevaluate their business and make fundamental changes across their organizations in all functions. With the incredible speed t which the iPhone 4S sold one million units in 24 hours, four million the weekend it was launched and ssmartphones emerging as the most dominant consumer technology platform, one cannot mention multichannel without also discussing mobile. Moreover, since a significant population of mobile users has not even reached shopping age, one can anticipate that moDlle, ana all tne capaDllltles ana opportunltles It OTTers, will De top 0T mina among retailers in 2012. Mobile consumers are no longer Just early adopters: They represent a broad range of consumer segments and have become part of the ainstream population. For retailers looking to remain relevant in this connected consumer environment, the ability to leverage mobile to deliver an improved customer experience will be a critical success factor. To be sure, there is a great deal of aactivity in launching mobile solutions focused on the preshopping experience. However, many retailers are diving in without a clear strategy and few have launched an iintegrated multichannel experience. Retailers that can deliver an iintegrated customer experience demonstrating a clear understanding of consumer preferences and behaviors across the urchase process will have an advantage over the competition. In the race to put out a cool app, retailers must not neglect three important factors: Usability and the user experience, including integration points between mobile and other channels. A poor customer experience is worse than no app at all. Security and privacy. A mobilerelated security or privacy breach could severely damage a retailers reputation and hamper adoption of mobile capabilities. Access for employees and business partners. Sales associates need access to the same information as the connected super user consumers who walk hrough the door. Providing suppliers realtime visibility into the location and estimated arrival time of shipments can ultimately benefit consumers as well. From data to personalization Data analytics and personalization will continue to be critical success factors in 2012 and beyond. Indeed, personalization has become the norm for growing numbers of consumers. Given all the new channels through which retailers are interacting with consumers, from pointofsale to mobile to social media sites, the sheer volume of data that can be collected about consumers and their shopping behaviors continues to row. The industry is evolving quickly in its data analytics capabilities and in its ability to develop personalized marketing campaigns and customer experiences. Still, the ongoing challenge for retailers will be how to best analyze all this rich data and derive from it valuable insights about what consumers want and need. While technology is bringing radical changes to how people shop, the bricks andmortar store remains the core of retail. The physical store, however, is no longer the final shopping destination; increasingly, it is becoming a piece in a larger, more connected customer experience. This transition will require retailers to innovate and rethink their operating models in ways many couldnt even conceive of five years ago. In this, we shall be understanding the behavior, pattern, shopping trend in global m arket. 3. Major findings/lssues PreTerences over aeslgner products : SIX out respondents in the AsiaPacific 3 of 14 10 online survey region said they are willing to pay extra for designer products, exceeding the global average by 17 ppercentage points. Affinity for buying famous brands is highest among respondents in the AsiaPacific (55%) and Middle East/ Africa (56%) markets, exceeding the global average of 47%. Source http:// www. marketingprofs. com Chinese consumers are the most willing to pay more for designer products (74% of respondents), and fondness for famous brands is highest in India (74%).. Preferences over designer products: Six out of 10 online survey respondents in the Promotions: 78% of global respondents say quality is their most important product concern, with respondents in Latin America (83%) and Asia Pacific (82%) exceeding the global average. Price is key as well, with 65% of global respondents ranking it as important. % of global shoppers are aware of promotions and discounts and say products wit h free gifts are good incentives (58%). In particular, a large ppercentage of shoppers in the Philippines (77%), Vietnam (75%), Greece (74%), and Turkey (72%) find free gifts apealing. 4 of 14 Source marketingprofs. com . Shopping Around: Latin Americans are the most likely to shop around, to have preferred brands in mind before shopping, and to sample first before making a purchase. North American respondents put the least trust in products recommended by profes sionals (35%). Respondents in the Latin America and Middle East/ Africa rely the most on the advice of 5 of 14 professionals. Source marketingprofs. com Multichannel Shopping: With the ability to shop anywhere at anytime with any device, consumers are demanding excellence and consistency at every turn and are challenging retailers and brands to keep up. The key The increasingly sophisticated online shopper One of the findings that stands out and one heavy with implications for retailers was the selfdescribed sophistication of the online shoppers we surveyed. Many of considered themselves to be highly capable in terms of researching and purchasing nline. In fact, 72% of US respondents consider themselves to be either confident or experts in this regard, slightly besting the 69% of global respondents that consider themselves to De at tnls same level. 0T tne overall gr owtn In onllne sales In 2012 came from existing shoppers simply buying more online The popularity of online shopping is rooted in many factors What is it that is so attractive about online shopping, regardless of nationality or geography? Theres a great deal of global consistency in the top five factors cited. The conventional wisdom is that the issue of price is the driving force or the growth of online shopping, and indeed, it does feature among the top three reasons cited by our survey respondents Insights for the US Retail Industry, retailers can gain an additional margin oopportunity of 8% to 12% by offering free shipping, yet of retailers charge for shipping products. Perhaps even more impactful is the fact that 2 out of 3 US consumers say they are likely to cancel a purchase without free shipping The desired multichannel purchase Journey Online shopping has opened up huge new choices for consumers, not Just in terms of what they buy, but how they buy it. The Internet 6 of 14 has empowered the consumer in three ways: during the decision making process leading to the purchase; at the actual moment of purchase; and tthroughout the product owinership period, including product delivery, maintenance, and return. The challenge at least for some retailers is that consumers are starting to behave in far more sophisticated ways, whether theyre buying expensive items or weekly groceries. Because most retailers havent yet created efficient multichannel models, consumers are working it out for themselves, using different channels in ways hat best suit them. Consumers may choose to research a product in the store † a shoe perhaps † then use their mobile phone to find a better price online, and then call into the retailers customer service line to order and have the shoe shipped to their home. In essence, consumers are creating their own multichannel experiences by leveraging multiple retailers across a single category or product Keeping up with multichannel shoppers is getting more complex Take the clothing category. Almost onethird of our respondents said they prefer to research and purchase clothing nline, and this puts an onus on the retailer to manage the return process The role of the physical store is changing A key issue for all retailers with large numbers of physical stores is the role those stores should be playing in a multichannel world and how that differs by country. Chinese online shoppers, for example, are embracing the online medium more quickly than shoppers from other countries, replacing the need for physical retail outlets. But no matter the country, retailers should consider the roles of their stores now and in the future. Are they flagships for the brand? Are they a combination of flagship and technology emporiums, such as the Apple stores? Are they showrooms for product display, as is increasingly the case with white goods? What is the role of the retail store in the Tuture Ine world Is getting smaller: Local players Deware our survey results show that within individual territories there exists a sthrong bias towards the most wellknown, incountry, or homebased retailers. For example, the survey shows that the top ten retailers shopped across channels in the last 12 months include Walmart in the US (41% of local online hoppers) Argos (39%) and Tesco (30%) in the I-JK, and Taobao in China (34%). Source: wc. com/en_us/us/retailconsumer/publications/assets/pwcus multichannelsh oppingsurvey. pdf 7 of 14 2. Strategy Adopted Trend watching analysis and study Global Multi Channel consumer surveys and reports by PWC etc. Global shopping trends and behavior pattern Understanding evaluating multi channel shopping trends Data analyzed and studied by various sources providers including PWC and Nielson Critically evaluating the challenges and oopportunity for global shopping trends in fut ure of 14 3. Critical Evaluation of the Strategy Adopted Multichannel shopping is here to stay with the ability to shop anywhere at any time with any device, consumers are demanding excellence and consistency at every turn and are challenging retailers and brands to keep up. The key question retailers must now answer is How will multichannel shopping behavior continue to evolve? and What investments must be made to meet consumer expectations? Reason why consumers buy directly from a brand / manufacturer Source: pwc. com/gx/en/retailconsumer/retailconsumerpublications/ lobalmultichannelconsu mersurvey/countrysnapshots. html 90f14 Source: http://about. datamonitor. com/sectors/retail/om/luxuryretailmarketsize strategiescompetitor/ 100f14 Source: giovannicappellotto. it/4248globaltrendsonlineshopping/ To help understand this evolving retail marketplace, I undertook PWC global study of consumers which was focused on addressing the habits and preferences 0T onllne snoppers. snoppers Trom elgn t OITT erent terrltorles (us, cnlna, Hong Kong, Germany, France, I-JK, Switzerland, and The Netherlands) were iincluded Key findings from their study revealed: Twenty ppercent of survey consumers made their first online purchase within the last year, suggesting great upside oopportunity for retailers with an online presence Many more global online shoppers are following brands using social media, but only 3% have used the network to shop Researching products online is a critical element of multichannel shopping Consumers are leading the way in multichannel shopping, with many retailers lagging behind when it comes to meeting consumer need i have leveraged the insights from data and research to make several observations about how etailers can better support their online customers and attract new ones with three themes as . Multichannel shopping as a major force, Multichannel shopping consolidation and Global retailing in 2020. I have also highlighted several actionable items that 11 of 14 can help retailers keep up with and adapt to the changing multichannel retail landsc ape: Become far more innovative with their online websites and other ddigital offerings Improve bricks and mortar formats to emphasize quality and customer satisfaction as opposed to price and selection Align themselves with he growing middle class in emerging markets who are shopping more online and using multi channels to a greater degree than shoppers in developed mar kets Focus on satisfying customers across all channels, instead of viewing ddigital channels as a competing channel Today, global retailers have a huge oopportunity to enhance the experiences necessary to stay ahead of shoppers who are demanding more customization in terms of product choice, delivery, return policies and the number of retail channels for shopping 4. Lessons Learnt Global retailing in 2020 The complete embrace of ddigital technology As lobal world, and in turn, increasingly multi channel shopping world evolves, there are several trends that will permeate global shopping behaviors in the future: Complete embrace of ddigital technology: By 2020 retailers will have fully embraced the use of ddigital technology, including mining consumer data to better understand purchase behavior, fully employing social media, and leveraging twoway communication channels with the workforce, whether infield, instore, or during travel. Heightened influence of social media: Social media will influence a larger proportion of sales,

Prometheus - Profile of the Greek Titan

Prometheus - Profile of the Greek Titan Prometheus DetailsPrometheus Profile Who Is Prometheus?: Prometheus is one of the Titans from Greek mythology. He helped create (and then befriend) mankind. He gave humans the gift of fire even though he knew Zeus would not approve. As a result of this gift, Prometheus was punished as only an immortal could be. Family of Origin: Iapetus the Titan was the father of Prometheus and Clymene the Oceanid was his mother. The Titans Roman Equivalent: Prometheus was also called Prometheus by the Romans. Attributes: Prometheus is often shown chained, with an eagle plucking out his liver or his heart. This was the punishment he suffered as a result of defying Zeus. Since Prometheus was immortal, his liver grew back every day, so the eagle could have feasted on it daily for eternity. Powers: Prometheus had the power of forethought. His brother, Epimetheus, had the gift of afterthought. Prometheus created man from water and earth. He stole skills and fire from the gods to give to man. Sources: Ancient sources for Prometheus include: Aeschylus, Apollodorus, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Hesiod, Hyginus, Nonnius, Plato, and Strabo.

Harold Lasswell's theory of the socialization Essay

Harold Lasswell's theory of the socialization - Essay Example This is why even the best of governments are known as necessary evils. The difference between the society and the government is that the society has unlimited wants whereas the government is a source of the so called ‘wickedness’. For instance, Friedrich Engels attacked the state by stating that the important fact about the state on religion is that it puts the anxiety of mankind before itself. Often, it has been said that only those who are corrupted seek power. Political affairs are a much variegated web of many vices and virtues along with a small possibility of truth and false hood of every shape interwoven (Lasswell 8). Moreover, politicians and statesmen are compared to men who are skillful in juggling and making all kinds of incantations and tricks of all kinds. With this kind of men it is very difficult to escape their influence. In spite of all the evil associated with power, not everything about power is a symbol of evil. Power can be used for worthy purposes by the good and the strong. Not all those with power work for strange and cunning occults arts to gain power and keep it. As for those who believe that power is evil, the sometimes agree that not all who use power are evildoers. On the contrary, some men in power have been named as the heroes of mankind, great men in history, liberators, founders of nations and even statesmen (Lasswell 9). From this perspective, power, personality and government are judged favorably. Recent expansions and discoveries in the psychological, social and medical science have added to the knowledge of power and those who seek power. From a social political objective, there is instrumentation of democratic values. The connection between power and personality can be associated with service of human dignity. According to Lasswell, power is an interpersonal situation; those who hold power are empowered (10). As long as those in power give

MRES7013 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

MRES7013 - Essay Example Thus, it is oxygenated in lungs, and de-oxygenated once it passes through tissues (Guyton and Hall, 2006 p. 78). Because of its liquid nature, it is able to seep through spaces once a vascular injury occurs. We usually see it as bruising of the skin, when trauma causes breakage in the thin-walled capillaries in the dermis. The bruising then recedes with time, and the skin goes back to its previous appearance as if nothing happened. The same may not be applicable to other organs, more notably the brain. Although there is no obvious bruising similar to that seen on the skin, brain hemorrhages present with more serious signs of paralysis or changes in the sensorium, as caused by the ischemia and neuronal death of the area in the brain that should have been perfused by the injured vessel. Soon, ischemia of some brain tissue results to irreversible neurologic dysfunction. Prompt management is thus needed before neurologic defects become permanent (Kumar et al., 2010, p. 41). The age of hemorrhage is important because it determines the management of intracranial hemorrhage, as will be discussed later. The stages of hematoma are based on the form of hemoglobin in RBCs. Initially, during the hyper-acute phase or hours after the development of the lesion, hematoma is made up ofa liquid suspension of intact RBCs containing oxy- or deoxy-hemoglobin. If the blood came from an arterial source, which is the case in most non-traumatic etiologies such as aneurysm, approximately 95% of hemoglobin molecules are oxygenated.Later, water is resorbed by the brain tissue, resulting to a solidified aggregation of RBCs. As the blood ages further, the hemoglobin denatures from oxy- ordeoxy- to met-hemoglobin. This transformation is dependent on the oxidation of ferrous (Fe+2) heme iron contained by oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin to ferric (Fe+3) state, turning the

Racism In Contemporary Britain

Racism In Contemporary Britain The existence of races in a given society presupposes the presence of racism, for without racism, physical characteristics are devoid of social significance (Van den Berghe, 1978, p.11). This represents a tension, explored within this essay, between the inability to categorise human beings into separate races on the basis of physical difference (Peoples and Bailey, 2011) and the fact that such categorisation occurs, based on the misconception that socially constructed concepts of racial difference are an objective reality (Barak et al., 2010). As the existence of race relies fundamentally upon its construction within society (Marger, 2011), it appears, within this essay, as race. In examining the existence of racism in contemporary Britain, a number of definitions will be explored, however, a commonality among them is their dependence on the definition of race, demonstrating, I would argue, the equally, socially, constructed, nature of racism (Capdevila and Callaghan, 2007). By examining Immigration and Asylum policy, this essay will analyse how differing definitions of racism, explain its continued existence, within a seemingly tolerant society (Wemyss, 2009). It also considers how immigrants and asylum seekers are perceived and treated within society, because in addition to occurring at policy level, racism is a lived experience (Lentin, 2011). I do not consider the definitions examined, namely biological, new, institutional and cultural racism, to be an exhaustive list and recognise that considering its existence from other constructs, may give a different picture of contemporary Britain, further demonstrating the need for a critical approach to concepts of racism and its existence within society (Zamudio et al., 2011). I will conclude by exploring whether accurately defining racism, impacts its prevalence, or whether pursuing the eradication of negative life chances, for minority ethnic groups, is not more beneficial than the categorisation of discri mination. Although it is now commonly recognised that there are no biological differences, by which races can be categorised (Nanda and Warms, 2010), this concept continues to create the foundation for biological racism and associates such difference with a behavioural hierarchy in terms of morals and intellect (Smedley and Smedley, 2005). This concept of hierarchy, I would argue, is integral to racism, in that the self is constructed as superior and the other as inferior (Rivers, 2008). Having proven the non-existence of race, this form of racism could be considered outdated and irrelevant, however, I would argue that its prevalence is still apparent within scientific discourse and public opinion (Lentin, 2011). In recent political debate, for example, around reducing the spread of HIV within the UK, by providing free treatment to foreign nationals (HAUK Select Committee, 2011), objectors have argued that this will increase immigration, out of a desire for free medical treatment (Department o f Health, 2005). Whilst I would not deny the greater prevalence of HIV in some parts of the world, and therefore some ethnic groups, associating this with the motivation for immigration, within such ethnic groups, being to take advantage of free resources, I would argue, has biologically racist undertones. In addition, there is no evidence that the provision of free HIV treatment would create such health tourism (NAT., 2008). With racism being legislated against (Race Relations Act, 1976), racist undertones are now more common than overt racism, when taking a biologically racist perspective (Jiwani and Richardson, 2011) and the denial of racism within Immigration and Asylum policy, arguing that its not racist to impose limits on immigration (Conservative Party, 2005), is unsurprising. Whilst immigration rules, by their nature, discriminate between those who have, and do not have, the right to remain in the UK, I would argue that this discrimination is only biologically racist, if decisions are made on the basis of physical difference. As such, it could be argued that the Conservative discourse is justified, in that some criterion are required for immigration control, but that such rules do not refer to particular racial groups having characteristics determining their suitability for immigration (Sriskandarajah, 2006). Whilst this argument does not necessarily prove the lack of racism within Immigration Po licy, it demonstrates how one definition of racism, in this case biological, can be used to deny its existence, whereas, as this essay will demonstrate, constructing alternative definitions highlights greater prevalence of racism within Immigration and Asylum policy. A combination of factors, including legislation, scientific rationale behind the non-existence of race and eugenics movements, have resulted in traditional forms of racism being constructed as socially unacceptable, causing a reduction, although not eradication, in overt, racist behaviour and a denial of racist intent (Romm, 2010). If my understanding of racism, therefore, were restricted to a biological definition, I might argue that its existence within contemporary Britain has reduced. By redefining racism, however, in the light of its social unacceptability, to subtler, indirect forms, the existence of racism, I would argue, in both Immigration and Asylum policy and wider British society, can still be seen. This subtler definition, known as New Racism (Collins and Solomos, 2010), argues that the same belief in racial superiority underpins many current discourses, but that new language is used to represent these traditional beliefs, for example, substituting race with immigrant or asylum seeker (Kimber, 2010). Returning to the Conservative Manifesto (2005), if no inference of racism exists within policy proposals, then why is there a need for rhetoric which defends a non-racist position? The powerful use of language is evident in this kind of discourse, because in addition to denying racist intent, arguments are constructed, such that, accusations of racism are deemed irrational, making any covert or indirect forms of racism difficult to challenge (Goodman and Burke, 2011). In Conservative leader, Michael Howards election campaign (2005), for example, the need for stricter immigration control is argued to be based on common sense, rather than racist principles. Mr. Howard categorises immigrants as good and bad, with those being different and not encompassing British values, deemed bad (Btihaj, 2006). Being a child of immigrants, he classifies himself a good immigrant, for whom racism is unacceptable because he is one of them, however, Michael is white, and therefore does not look different and his immigrant Father is Romanian, a Christian, European country whose values and cultures are more in line with Britishness than perhaps, non-white, non-Christian countries, making conforming to the image of good immigrant, much easier for him (Capdevila and Callaghan, 2007). In this way, I would argue that, although new language is used, racist beliefs underpin this discourse, in describing acceptable immigrants as white, with similar culture and values, and conversely less acceptable immigrants, as non-white individuals, refusing to conform to our culture and values. A biological definition would deny racism within this speech, whereas, a new racism definition highlights underlying racist discourse, which may result in the implementation of racist immigration policies. I would argue that this further demonstrates the contested and constructed nature of racism, which can be made to exist, or not, on the basis of its definition. This coded use of language can also be seen in wider public attitudes, within the UK. Where terms like lazy, stupid and unprincipled were historically used to describe racial groups, they are now connected with immigrants and asylum seekers (Craig, 2007). Similarly, Finney and Peach (2006) found that although discriminatory views have shifted from race to immigrants and asylum seekers, similar language, and reasons for feelings of animosity, are used in describing both groups. A biologically racist perspective, could argue that attitudes toward ethnic minorities have improved within the UK, but I would argue that, considering a new racism definition, although language and focus have changed, racist attitudes still prevail within contemporary British society. Another perspective in understanding racism, is to consider how policies, decision making and institutional practices create and define racism, rather than individual belief systems. This institutional definition of racism, argues that, policies are constructed to both subordinate, and maintain control over, particular racial groups (Carmichael and Hamilton, 1969). In this way, racism is the creation of inferiority through the implementation of organisational policies and procedures (Better, 2008) and is rooted in the processes of established and respected forces within society, which I would argue makes them less likely to be challenged than individual acts of racism (Carmichael and Hamilton, 1969). Institutional racism can occur unintentionally, by unwitting prejudice and racial stereotyping creating policies and cultural practices which disadvantage ethnic minorities (Macpherson, 1999). The complexity of institutional racism is that, organisations cannot make decisions or policies , without the presence of individuals and therefore questions whether an institution can be racist, or whether racism results from the influence of individuals within that institution (Roush, 2008). The UK Border Agency, in working predominantly with immigrants and asylum seekers, in my view, holds significant potential for institutional racism. Whether such racism is intentional is contested, but irrespectively, I would argue that, some immigration policies disproportionately disadvantage certain ethnic minorities. Recent changes to work permit policies, for example, mean that restaurants employing chefs from outside the EU, must find applicants with at least 5 years experience and graduate-level qualifications, paying them at least  £28,260 a year (Home Office, 2011). Although this policy is applied to all restaurants and its implementation aims to prioritise jobs for British citizens, I would argue that restaurants providing cuisine originating outside Europe, are likely to be disproportionately impacted by this policy and that such businesses are likely to be owned by, and employing individuals of, ethnic minorities (Khaleeli, 2012). In this way, whether intentionally or n ot, I would argue that these immigration changes are institutionally racist, in that their negative impact, upon ethnic minorities, is unjustifiably disproportionate. This again demonstrates, I would argue, how the definition of racism taken, can significantly impact its perceived existence within contemporary British society. A biological definition, for example, would argue that decisions are not being made on the basis of physical difference, as all individuals are receiving the same treatment, and therefore the policy is not racist. Similarly, new racism, by examining the language used, could still conclude that the intention of this policy, is not to favour any particular racial group. The difference, I would argue, with institutional racism, is that intent is less important than impact and therefore, racism can be deemed to exist if the outcomes for ethnic minorities are disproportionately worse than the general population, which in regard to this policy, I would argue, could be the case. The final perspective being explored, cultural racism, is argued by some to simply be an extension of new racism (Jacobson, 2008). Within immigration and asylum discourse, however, I would argue, the language of culture so frequently replaces that of race, as to make a distinct exploration of cultural racism beneficial (Diller, 2010). Cultural racism relates to the belief that less dominant cultures are dysfunctional, maladaptive or even deviant, emphasising individual failings, rather than a societal failure to accommodate difference (Williams, 2007). Although it could be argued that this moves too far from a valid definition of racism, this depends upon how race is defined and if there are no biological differences by which races can be categorised, then the socially constructed differences which create racism, may also be cultural differences (Pon, 2009). In this way cultural racism is both the negatively, differential treatment on the basis of cultural difference (Hill, 2008) and the denial of opportunity to express ones culture (Ford, 2005). Muslims are frequently constructed, for example, as a homogenous group, when in reality the diversity of individuals classifying themselves as Muslim, is too vast to validate a single identity (Al-Azmeh, 2007). Despite this, the term Muslim has become a way of describing ethnicity, both in politics and public opinion (Wilson, 2007). This process of homogenisation, I would argue, has caused ideas of fundamentalism, and terrorist intent, to be attributed to the Muslim identity, constructing them, in some respects, as an enemy of British society (Todorov and Brown, 2010). This is not only a discriminatory and inaccurate portrayal of a diverse group, but also culturally racist in the way such beliefs are played out in the implementation of policy and treatment of Muslims within British society (Qasmiyeh, 2010). This can be seen in proposed legislative changes, following the terrorist attacks of September 2001, where Prime Minister, Tony Blair, argued a need for increased ability to exclu de and remove those suspected of terrorism and those seeking to abuse the asylum system (Hansard, 2001). In addition, in describing the attacks, Mr. Blair highlighted the terrorists motivation as a religious obligation set out in the Islamic Holy text, the Koran (ibid). This demonstrates, I would argue, an underlying discourse associating both Muslims and asylum seekers with terrorism (Huysmans and Alessandra, 2008). Further political statements in the subsequent decade, I would argue, cemented this construction of Muslims as the enemy (Pantazis and Pemberton, 2009). In 2006, for example, a report on countering terrorism (Cabinet Office, 2006) concluded that the most prominent threat came from Islamist extremists. Furthermore John Denham, as Home Office minister, suggested that behind a minority group of terrorists, sat a wider Islamic community, who considered terrorism to be a legitimate response to current concerns (Denham, 2007). A consequence of this negative construction of Muslims, I would argue, is the discriminatory treatment of immigrants and asylum seekers who identify as Muslim (Pantazis and Pemberton, 2009). Risk-profiling computers, for example, determining on entry to the UK who should be scanned, searched and questioned, have been found to focus upon Muslim-specific behaviours, categorising practising Muslims as high risk (Webber, 2012). This is a clear demonstration, I would argue, of cultural racism, in determining negatively, differential treatment on the basis of cultural identity, further highlighting how the existence of racism, is very much dependent upon the way in which it is defined. Biological racism, for example, would argue that the range of ethnic diversity within Islam, indicates that any discriminatory treatment toward Muslims, cannot be racist, as underlying, discriminatory, motivations are not based upon biological difference. Similarly, although much of the discrimination explor ed, occurs at an institutional level, Institutional Racism is based on the impact of policies and practices upon racial, not cultural or religious, groups and so would not consider the matters explored to prove the existence of racism, within contemporary British society. Having considered varying definitions of racism, I would conclude that its existence, within contemporary British society, is complex and can be argued to be both prevalent and a thing of the past (Rattansi, 2007). By taking a biological perspective, this essay has considered that, although racist undertones may exist in some immigration and asylum discourse, its prevalence within British society is decreasing (Day, 2011). Alternatively, by taking an institutional view, where it is not intent but impact which is measured, the existence of racism has been highlighted, through some UK policies and institutions disproportionately, disadvantaging ethnic minorities. Similarly, by considering racism from the perspective of new language being used in place of traditionally racist terms, the prevalence of racism increases significantly, specifically, as this essay had demonstrated, within Immigration and Asylum policy. Finally, by extending this new racism definition to the replacement of ra cialised language, with that of culture, this essay has demonstrated how specific groups continue to experience significant levels of racism within British society, both in terms of policy construction and public attitude (Allen, 2010). Reflecting upon these various constructions of racism, I would argue that its perceived existence is highly dependent upon the definition used. Whilst this analysis has examined the existence of racism, it could be said that it does not explain its existence. Why is it that some groups consider it appropriate to negatively treat others, on the basis of their race? I would argue that the answer to this, is power. With biological racism, it is seen in the superiority and inferiority of racial groups, on the premise that biological difference creates a natural hierarchy. With new racism, it is seen in powerful discourses which paint racist ideologies as rational and in the best interests of Britain, whilst in reality maintaining the authoritative position of the powerful (Capedevila and Callaghan, 2007). With institutional racism, it is seen in those with the power to create policy and organisational procedures, constructing these to maximise the benefits for themselves and maintain their position of authority. Finally, with cultural racism, it is seen in the view that inferior and less developed cultures should be discarded an d individuals from such cultural groups assimilated into the dominant culture, accepting the superiority of these cultural norms. In light of this, I would argue, that if the existence of racism is determined by its definition and the purpose of racism is to maintain power, then a critical understanding of the constructed nature of racism, is paramount in assessing the discourses and policy proposals of those with such power. This reflection has also caused me to question the extent to which an academic pursuit of categorising behaviours, policies and ideologies as racist, is beneficial and if instead, it is deflecting the focus from challenging negative discrimination, faced by certain groups, irrespective of their experience fitting our socially constructed definition of racism. In conclusion, however, I would argue that, as racism is now considered both legally and morally wrong, if it can be accurately defined and its existence proved and highlighted, then work can be achieved towards its eradication (Cole, 2009).